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Silabus Matematika SMP Kelas VII, VIII dan IX Semester 1 dan 2 Berkarakter

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  • Silabus Matematika SMP Kelas VII, VIII dan IX Semester 1 Berkarakter
    - Silabus Matematika SMP Kelas VII Semester Satu Berkarakter
    - Silabus Matematika SMP Kelas VIII Semester Satu Berkarakter
    - Silabus Matematika SMP Kelas IX Semester Satu Berkarakter
  • Silabus Matematika SMP Kelas 7, 8 dan 9 Semester 2 Berkarakter
    - Silabus Matematika SMP Kelas 7 – 2 Berkarakter
    - Silabus Matematika SMP Kelas 8 – 2 Berkarakter
    - Silabus Matematika SMP Kelas 9 – 2 Berkarakter
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    RPP Berkarakter Matematika SMP Kelas 7, 8 dan 9 Semester 1 dan 2

    Silahkan di download RPP  SMP berkarakter di bawah ini, kami beritahukan ulang bahwa pendownloadan yang anda lakukan tidak hanya cukup merubah nama sekolah dll., tetapi anda juga harus menyesuaikan RPP tersebut dengan situasi dan kondisi sekolah anda masing-masing sesuai dengan Kemampuan siswa, sarana dan prasarana sekolah

  • RPP Berkarakter Matematika SMP Kelas 7, 8 dan 9 Semester 1
    - RPP Berkarakter Matematika SMP Kelas VII Semester Satu
    - RPP Berkarakter Matematika SMP Kelas VIII Semester Satu
    - RPP Berkarakter Matematika SMP Kelas IX Semester Satu
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    - RPP Berkarakter Matematika SMP Kelas 7 – 2
    - RPP Berkarakter Matematika SMP Kelas 8 – 2
    - RPP Berkarakter Matematika SMP Kelas 9 – 2
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    Silabus Matematika untuk SMA Kelas X, XI,XII Semester 1 dan 2

    Silahkan di download Silabus  SMA berkarakter di bawah ini, kami beritahukan ulang bahwa pendownloadan yang anda lakukan tidak hanya cukup merubah nama sekolah dll., tetapi anda juga harus menyesuaikan Silabus tersebut dengan situasi dan kondisi sekolah anda masing-masing sesuai dengan Kemampuan siswa, sarana dan prasarana sekolah

  • Silabus Matematika SMP Kelas VII, VIII dan IX Semester 1 Berkarakter
    - Silabus Matematika SMP Kelas VII Semester Satu Berkarakter
    - Silabus Matematika SMP Kelas VIII Semester Satu Berkarakter
    - Silabus Matematika SMP Kelas IX Semester Satu Berkarakter
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    - Silabus Matematika SMP Kelas 7 – 2 Berkarakter
    - Silabus Matematika SMP Kelas 8 – 2 Berkarakter
    - Silabus Matematika SMP Kelas 9 – 2 Berkarakter
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    RPP Matematika Berkarakter untuk SMA Kelas X, XI, XII Semester 1 dan 2

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  • RPP Berkarakter Matematika SMP Kelas 7, 8 dan 9 Semester 1
    - RPP Berkarakter Matematika SMP Kelas VII Semester Satu
    - RPP Berkarakter Matematika SMP Kelas VIII Semester Satu
    - RPP Berkarakter Matematika SMP Kelas IX Semester Satu
  • RPP Berkarakter Matematika SMP Kelas VII, VIII dan IX Semester 2
    - RPP Berkarakter Matematika SMP Kelas 7 – 2
    - RPP Berkarakter Matematika SMP Kelas 8 – 2
    - RPP Berkarakter Matematika SMP Kelas 9 – 2
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    Silabus Kimia untuk SMA Kelas X, XI,XII Semester 1 dan 2

    Silahkan di download Silabus  SMA berkarakter di bawah ini, kami beritahukan ulang bahwa pendownloadan yang anda lakukan tidak hanya cukup merubah nama sekolah dll., tetapi anda juga harus menyesuaikan Silabus tersebut dengan situasi dan kondisi sekolah anda masing-masing sesuai dengan Kemampuan siswa, sarana dan prasarana sekolah

  • Silabus Kimia SMA Kelas VII, VIII dan IX Semester 1 Berkarakter
    - Silabus Kimia Kelas 1 SMA Semester Satu Berkarakter
    - Silabus Kimia Kelas 2 SMA Semester Satu Berkarakter
    - Silabus Kimia Kelas 3 SMA Semester Satu Berkarakter
  • Silabus Kimia SMA Kelas 7, 8 dan 9 Semester 2 Berkarakter
    - Silabus Kimia SMA Kelas Sepuluh – 2 Berkarakter
    - Silabus Kimia SMA Kelas Sebelas – 2 Berkarakter
    - Silabus Kimia SMA Kelas Dua Belas – 2 Berkarakter
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    RPP Kimia Berkarakter untuk SMA Kelas X, XI, XII Semester 1 dan 2

    Silahkan di download RPP  SMA berkarakter di bawah ini, kami beritahukan ulang bahwa pendownloadan yang anda lakukan tidak hanya cukup merubah nama sekolah dll., tetapi anda juga harus menyesuaikan RPP tersebut dengan situasi dan kondisi sekolah anda masing-masing sesuai dengan Kemampuan siswa, sarana dan prasarana sekolah

  • RPP Berkarakter Kimia SMA Kelas 7, 8 dan 9 Semester 1
    - RPP Berkarakter Kimia SMA Kelas X Semester Satu
    - RPP Berkarakter Kimia SMA Kelas XI Semester Satu
    - RPP Berkarakter Kimia SMA Kelas XII Semester Satu
  • RPP Berkarakter Kimia SMA Kelas VII, VIII dan IX Semester 2
    - RPP Berkarakter Kimia SMA Kelas 10 – 2
    - RPP Berkarakter Kimia SMA Kelas 11 – 2
    - RPP Berkarakter Kimia SMA Kelas 12 – 2
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    Silabus Fisika untuk SMA Kelas X, XI,XII Semester 1 dan 2

    Silahkan di download Silabus  SMA berkarakter di bawah ini, kami beritahukan ulang bahwa pendownloadan yang anda lakukan tidak hanya cukup merubah nama sekolah dll., tetapi anda juga harus menyesuaikan Silabus tersebut dengan situasi dan kondisi sekolah anda masing-masing sesuai dengan Kemampuan siswa, sarana dan prasarana sekolah

  • Silabus Fisika SMA Kelas 1, 2 dan 3 Semester 1 Berkarakter
    - Silabus Fisika SMA Kelas Sepuluh – Satu Berkarakter
    - Silabus Fisika SMA Kelas Sebelas – Satu Berkarakter
    - Silabus Fisika SMA Kelas Dua Belas – Satu Berkarakter
  • Silabus Fisika SMA Kelas 7, 8 dan 9 Semester 2 Berkarakter
    - Silabus Fisika Kelas 1 SMA Semester 2 Berkarakter
    - Silabus Fisika Kelas 2 SMA Semester 2 Berkarakter
    - Silabus Fisika Kelas 3 SMA Semester 2 Berkarakter
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    RPP Fisika Berkarakter untuk SMA Kelas X, XI, XII Semester 1 dan 2

    Silahkan di download RPP SMA berkarakter di bawah ini, kami beritahukan ulang bahwa pendownloadan yang anda lakukan tidak hanya cukup merubah nama sekolah dll., tetapi anda juga harus menyesuaikan  RPP tersebut dengan situasi dan kondisi sekolah anda masing-masing sesuai dengan Kemampuan siswa, sarana dan prasarana sekolah

  • RPP Berkarakter Fisika SMA Kelas 7, 8 dan 9 Semester 1
    - RPP Berkarakter Fisika SMA Kelas 10 – 1
    - RPP Berkarakter Fisika SMA Kelas 11 – 1
    - RPP Berkarakter Fisika SMA Kelas 12 – 1
  • RPP Berkarakter Fisika SMA Kelas VII, VIII dan IX Semester 2
    - RPP Berkarakter Fisika SMA Kelas X Semester Dua
    - RPP Berkarakter Fisika SMA Kelas XI Semester Dua
    - RPP Berkarakter Fisika SMA Kelas XII Semester Dua
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    Posting Artikelmu


    Selamat datang di blog geografi, silahkan posting artikel anda di blog ini maka anda akan mendapatkan untung. Keuntungan menulis artikel di sini sangat besar salah satunya anda bisa membaca kembali tulisan anda jika anda suatu saat membutuhkan, dan anda juga bisa mendapatkan uang pulsa dari blog ini.


    Persyaratan 
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    3. Menyertakan gambar jika perlu, maksimal 5 gambar
    4. Bahasa mudah di pahami dan menggunakan kata-kata yang sopan.
    5. Artikel tidak boleh menjatuhkan nama baik seseorang maupun produk perusahaan manapun.
    6. Sertakan Nama penulis sebagai hak cipta anda di bawah artikel.

    NB: Artikel yang tidak sesuai dengan persyaratan tidak akan di tampilkan di halaman.

    Hadiah :
    Setiap artikel yang ramai pengunjung dan sudah mencapai 1000 tayangan dari IP yang bervariasi anda berhak mendapat bonus pulsa minimal 10.000 yang langsung di kirim ke No Hp anda.
    Semakin banyak pengunjung artikel anda semakin banyak pula pulsa yang anda dapatkan 1000 visit = 10.000, 2000 visit = 20.000 dan 10.000 visit dapat 100.000. Jumlah Visitor artikel akan di reset selama sebulan sekali,

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    Physical Geography Africa

    Africa, the second-largest continent, is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean. It is divided in half almost equally by the Equator.

    Africas physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately.

    Africa has eight major physical regions: the Sahara, the Sahel, the Ethiopian Highlands, the savanna, the Swahili Coast, the rain forest, the African Great Lakes, and Southern Africa. Some of these regions cover large bands of the continent, such as the Sahara and Sahel, while others are isolated areas, such as the Ethiopian Highlands and the Great Lakes. Each of these regions has unique animal and plant communities.

    Sahara

    The Sahara is the worlds largest hot desert, covering 8.5 million square kilometers (3.3 million square miles), about the size of the South American country of Brazil. Defining Africas northern bulge, the Sahara makes up 25 percent of the continent.

    The Sahara has a number of distinct physical features, including ergs, regs, hamadas, and oases. Ergs, which cover 20 percent of the Sahara, are sand dunes that stretch for hundreds of kilometers at heights of more than 300 meters (1,000 feet). Ergs cover most of Algeria and Libya and parts of Mali and Nigeria. Ergs can contain large quantities of salt, which is sold for industrial and food use.

    Regs are plains of sand and gravel that make up 70 percent of the Sahara. The gravel can be black, red, or white. Regs are the remains of prehistoric seabeds and riverbeds, but are now nearly waterless.

    Hamadas are elevated plateaus of rock and stone that reach heights of 3,353 meters (11,000 feet). They include the Atlas Mountains, which stretch from southwestern Morocco to northeastern Tunisia; the Tibesti Mountains of southern Libya and northern Chad; and the Ahaggar Mountains in southern Algeria.

    An oasis is a hub of water in the desert, often in the form of springs, wells, or irrigation systems. About 75 percent of the Saharas population lives in oases, which make up only 2,071 square kilometers (800 square miles) of the deserts vast area.

    The Saharas animal and plant communities have adapted to the regions extremely dry conditions. The kidneys of the jerboa, a type of rodent, produce highly concentrated urine that minimizes water loss. A dromedary camel conserves water by changing its body temperature so it doesnt sweat as the day gets hotter. The scorpion limits its activities to night, burrowing into the cooler sands beneath the surface during the day. The scorpion, a predator, also absorbs water from the flesh of its prey.

    Saharan plants survive thanks to root systems that plunge as far as 24 meters (80 feet) underground. In parts of the Sahara, plants cannot take root at all. In the southern Libyan Desert, for instance, no greenery exists for more than 195 kilometers (120 miles).

    Sahel

    The Sahel is a narrow band of semi-arid land that forms a transition zone between the Sahara to the north and the savannas to the south. It is made up of flat, barren plains that stretch roughly 5,400 kilometers (3,300 miles) across Africa, from Senegal to Sudan.

    The Sahel contains the fertile delta of the Niger, one of Africas longest rivers. Unfortunately, the Sahels fertile land is rapidly becoming desert as a result of drought, deforestation, and intensive agriculture. This process is known as desertification.

    The Sahels animal communities are constantly scavenging for scarce water and vegetation resources. The Senegal gerbil, the most common mammal in the Sahel and measuring only a few centimeters, consumes as much as 10 percent of the Sahels plants.

    The Sahels green vegetation only emerges during the rainy season, but is often quickly harvested by farmers or consumed by animals. Baobabs are drought- and fire-resistant trees with trunks that are often 15 meters (50 feet) wide and as tall as 26 meters (85 feet). Acacia, whose deep root systems are ideal for semi-arid climates, are among the most common trees found in the Sahel. Cram-cram, a prickly grass, is the primary fodder for Sahel herds such as zebu cattle.

    Ethiopian Highlands

    The Ethiopian Highlands began to rise 75 million years ago, as magma from Earths mantle uplifted a broad dome of ancient rock. This dome was later split as Africas continental crust pulled apart, creating the Great Rift Valley system. Today, this valley cuts through the Ethiopian Highlands from the southwest to the northeast. The Ethiopian Highlands are home to 80 percent of Africas tallest mountains.

    The highlands craggy landscape is perfect for nimble animal species. Native species such as the walia ibex, an endangered wild goat, and the gelada baboon live in the ledges and rocky outposts of the Simien Mountains. The most emblematic highlands species is probably the Ethiopian wolf, which is now on the brink of extinction.

    Important plant species native to the Ethiopian Highlands include the Ethiopian rose, Africas only native rose, and the ensete, a tall, thick, rubbery plant that is a close relative of the banana.
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    Political Geography Africa

    Africa’s history and development have been shaped by its political geography. Political geography is the internal and external relationships between various governments, citizens, and territories.

    Historic Issues
    The great kingdoms of West Africa developed between the 9th and 16th centuries. The Kingdom of Ghana (Ghana Empire) became a powerful empire through its gold trade, which reached the rest of Africa and parts of Europe. Ghanaian kings controlled gold-mining operations and implemented a system of taxation that solidified their control of the region for about 400 years.

    The Kingdom of Mali (Mali Empire) expanded the Kingdom of Ghana’s trade operations to include trade in salt and copper. The Kingdom of Mali’s great wealth contributed to the creation of learning centers where Muslim scholars from around the world came to study. These centers greatly added to Africa’s cultural and academic enrichment.

    The Kingdom of Songhai (Songhai Empire) combined the powerful forces of Islam, commercial trade, and scholarship. Songhai kings expanded trade routes, set up a new system of laws, expanded the military, and encouraged scholarship to unify and stabilize their empire. Their economic and social power was anchored by the Islamic faith.

    Colonization dramatically changed Africa. From the 1880s to the 1900s, almost all of Africa was exploited and colonized, a period known as the “Scramble for Africa.” European powers saw Africa as a source of raw materials and a market for manufactured goods. Important European colonizers included Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, and Italy.

    The legacy of colonialism haunts Africa today. Colonialism forced environmental, political, social, and religious change to Africa. Natural resources, including diamonds and gold, were over-exploited. European business owners benefitted from trade in these natural resources, while Africans labored in poor conditions without adequate pay.

    European powers drew new political borders that divided established governments and cultural groups. These new boundaries also forced different cultural groups to live together. This restructuring process brought out cultural tensions, causing deep ethnic conflict that continues today.

    In Africa, Islam and Christianity grew with colonialism. Christianity was spread through the work of European missionaries, while Islam consolidated its power in certain undisturbed regions and urban centers.

    World War II (1939-1945) empowered Africans to confront colonial rule. Africans were inspired by their service in the Allies’ forces and by the Allies’ commitment to the rights of self-government. Africans’ belief in the possibility of independence was further supported by the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947. Mahatma Gandhi, an Indian independence leader who began his career in South Africa, said: “I venture to think that the Allied declaration that the Allies are fighting to make the world safe for the freedom of the individual and for democracy sounds hollow so long as India, and for that matter Africa, are exploited by Great Britain.”

    By 1966, all but six African countries were independent nation-states. Funding from the Soviet Union and independent African states was integral to the success of Africa’s independence movements. Regions in Africa continue to fight for their political independence. Western Sahara, for instance, has been under Moroccan control since 1979. The United Nations is currently sponsoring talks between Morocco and a Western Sahara rebel group called the Polisario Front, which supports independence. 

    Contemporary Issues
    Managing inter-ethnic conflict continues to be an important factor in maintaining national, regional, and continent-wide security. One of the chief areas of conflict is the struggle between sedentary and nomadic groups over control of resources and land.

    The conflict in Sudan’s Darfur region, for example, is between nomadic and sedentary communities who are fighting over water and grazing rights for livestock. The conflict also involves religious, cultural, and economic tensions. In 2003, the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), groups from Darfur, attacked government targets in Sudan’s capital, Khartoum.

    The SLA and JEM were from different religious and cultural backgrounds than the government of Sudan. The Darfurians were mostly Christians, while the Sudanese government is mostly Muslim. Darfurians are mostly “black” Africans, meaning their cultural identity is from a region south of the Sahara. The Sudanese government is dominated by Arabs, people from North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The SLA and JEM were mostly farmers. They claimed their land and grazing rights were consistently being trespassed by nomadic Arab groups.

    The Sudanese government responded violently to the attacks by the SLA and JEM. Many international organizations believe the government had a direct relationship with the Arab Janjaweed. The Janjaweed are militias, or independent armed groups. The Janjaweed routinely stole from, kidnapped, killed, and raped Darfurians to force them off their land. The United Nations says up to 300,000 people have died as a result of war, hunger, and disease. More than 2.7 million people have fled their homes to live in insecure and impoverished camps.

    The international community’s response to this conflict has been extensive. Thousands of African Union-United Nation peacekeepers remain in the region. Other groups have organized peace talks between government officials and JEM, culminating in a 2009 peace deal signed in Qatar. The International Criminal Court in The Hague has issued an arrest warrant for Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

    As a result of ethnic conflicts like the one in Darfur, Africa has more internally displaced people (IDPs) than any other continent. IDPs are people who are forced to flee their home but who, unlike a refugee, remain within their country’s borders. In 2009, there were an estimated 11.6 million IDPs in Africa, representing more than 40 percent of the world’s total IDP population.

    Regional and international political bodies have taken important steps in resolving the causes and effects of internal displacement. In October 2009, the African Union adopted the Kampala Convention, recognized as the first agreement in the world to protect the rights of IDPs.

    Future Issues
    Africa’s most pressing issues can be framed through the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). All 192 members of the United Nations and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to meet the goals by 2015. These goals are:
    1) eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;
    2) achieve universal primary education;
    3) promote gender equality and empower women;
    4) reduce child mortality rates;
    5) improve maternal health;
    6) combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases;
    7) ensure environmental sustainability;
    8) develop a global partnership for development.
    These issues disproportionately affect Africa. Because of this, the international community has focused its attention on the continent.

    Many parts of Africa are affected by hunger and extreme poverty. In 2009, 22 of 24 nations identified as having “Low Human Development” on the U.N.’s Human Development Index were located in Sub-Saharan Africa. In many nations, gross domestic product per person is less than $200 per year, with the vast majority of the population living on less than $1 per day.

    Africa’s committee for the Millennium Development Goals focuses on three key issues: increasing agricultural productivity, building infrastructure, and creating nutrition and school feeding programs. Key goals include doubling food yields by 2012, halving the proportion of people without access to adequate water supply and sanitation, and providing universal access to critical nutrition.

    Scholars, scientists, and politicians believe climate change will negatively affect the economic and social well-being of Africa more than any other continent. Rising temperatures have caused precipitation patterns to change, crops to reach the upper limits of heat tolerance, pastoral farmers to spend more time in search of water supplies, and malaria and other diseases to spread throughout the continent.

    International organizations and agreements, such as the Copenhagen Accord, have guaranteed funding for measures to combat or reduce the effects of climate change in Africa. Many African politicians and scholars, however, are critical of this funding. They say it addresses the effects of climate change after they occur, rather than creating programs to prevent global warming, the current period of climate change. African leaders also criticize developed countries for not making more of an internal commitment to reducing carbon emissions. Developed countries, not Africa, are the world’s largest producers of carbon emissions.

    What is certain is that Africa will need foreign assistance in order to successfully combat climate change. Leaders within Africa and outside it will need to seek greater international cooperation for this to become a reality.
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    Cultural Geography Africa

    Historic Cultures
    The African continent has a unique place in human history. Widely believed to be the “cradle of humankind,” Africa is the only continent with fossil evidence of human beings (Homo sapiens) and their ancestors through each key stage of their evolution. These include the Australopithecines, our earliest ancestors; Homo habilis, our tool-making ancestors; and Homo erectus, a more robust and advanced relative to Homo habilis that was able to walk upright.

    These ancestors were the first to develop stone tools, to move out of trees and walk upright, and, most importantly, to explore and migrate. While fossils of Australopithecines and Homo habilis have only been found in Africa, examples of Homo erectus have been found in the Far East, and their tools have been excavated throughout Asia and Europe. This evidence supports the idea that the species of Homo erectus that originated in Africa was the first to successfully migrate and populate the rest of the world.

    This human movement, or migration, plays a key role in the cultural landscape of Africa. Geographers are especially interested in migration as it relates to the way goods, services, social and cultural practices, and knowledge are spread throughout the world.

    Two other migration patterns, the Bantu Migration and the African slave trade, help define the cultural geography of the continent.

    The Bantu Migration was a massive migration of people across Africa about 2,000 years ago. The Bantu Migration is the most important human migration to have occurred since the first human ancestors left Africa more than a million years ago. Lasting for 1,500 years, the Bantu Migration involved the movement of people whose language belonged to the Kongo-Niger language group. The common Kongo-Niger word for human being is bantu.

    The Bantu Migration was a southeastern movement. Historians do not agree on why Bantu-speaking people moved away from their homes in West Africa’s Niger Delta Basin. They first moved southeast, through the rain forests of Central Africa. Eventually, they migrated to the savannas of the southeastern and southwestern parts of the continent, including what is today Angola and Zambia.

    The Bantu Migration had an enormous impact on Africa’s economic, cultural, and political practices. Bantu migrants introduced many new skills into the communities they interacted with, including sophisticated farming and industry. These skills included growing crops and forging tools and weapons from metal.

    These skills allowed Africans to cultivate new areas of land that had a wide variety of physical and climatic features. Many hunter-gatherer communities were assimilated, or adopted, into the more technologically advanced Bantu culture. In turn, Bantu people adopted skills from the communities they encountered, including animal husbandry, or raising animals for food.

    This exchange of skills and ideas greatly advanced Africa’s cultural landscape, especially in the eastern, central, and southern regions of the continent. Today, most of the population living in these regions is descended from Bantu migrants or from mixed Bantu-indigenous origins.

    The third massive human migration in Africa was the African slave trade. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, more than 15 million Africans were transported across the Atlantic Ocean to be sold as slaves in North and South America. Millions of slaves were also transported within the continent, usually from Central Africa and Madagascar to North Africa and the European colony of South Africa.

    Millions of Africans died in the slave trade. Most slaves were taken from the isolated interior of the continent. They were sold in the urban areas on the West African coast. Thousands died in the brutal process of their capture, and thousands more died on the forced migration to trading centers. Even more lost their lives on the treacherous voyage across the Atlantic Ocean.

    The impacts of slavery on Africa are widespread and diverse. Computerized calculations have projected that if there had been no slave trade, the population of Africa would have been 50 million instead of 25 million in 1850. Evidence also suggests that the slave trade contributed to the long-term colonization and exploitation of Africa. Communities and infrastructure were so damaged by the slave trade that they could not be rebuilt and strengthened before the arrival of European colonizers in the 19th century. 

    While Africans suffered greatly during the slave trade, their influence on the rest of the world expanded. Slave populations in North and South America made tremendous economic, political, and cultural contributions to the societies that enslaved them. The standard of living in North and South America—built on agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation—would be much lower if it weren’t for the hard, forced labor of African slaves. Furthermore, many of the Western Hemisphere’s cultural practices, especially in music, food, and religion, are a hybrid of African and local customs.

    Contemporary Cultures
    Contemporary Africa is incredibly diverse, incorporating hundreds of native languages and indigenous groups. The majority of these groups blend traditional customs and beliefs with modern societal practices and conveniences. Three groups that demonstrate this are the Maasai, Tuareg, and Bambuti.

    Maasai peoples are the original settlers of southern Kenya and northern Tanzania. The Maasai are nomadic pasturalists. Nomadic pastoralists are people who continually move in order to find fresh grasslands or pastures for their livestock. The Maasai migrate throughout East Africa and survive off the meat, blood, and milk of their cattle.

    The Maasai are famous for their striking red robes and rich traditional culture. Young Maasai men between the ages of 15 and 30 are known as moran, or “warriors.” Moran live in isolation in unpopulated wilderness areas, called “the bush.” During their time as moran, young Maasai men learn tribal customs and develop strength, courage, and endurance.

    Even though some remain nomadic, many Maasai have begun to integrate themselves into the societies of Kenya and Tanzania. Modern ranching and wheat cultivation are becoming common. Maasai also support more tribal control of water resources. Women are pressuring the tribe for greater civil rights, as the Maasai is one of the most male-dominated societies in the world.

    The Tuareg are a pastoralist society in North and West Africa. The harsh climate of the Sahara and the Sahel has influenced Tuareg culture for centuries.

    Traditional Tuareg clothing serves historical and environmental purposes. Head wraps called cheches protect the Tuareg from the Saharan sun and help conserve body fluids by limiting sweat. Tuareg men also cover their face with the cheche as a formality when meeting someone for the first time. Conversation can only become informal when the more powerful man uncovers his mouth and chin.

    Light, sturdy gowns called bubus allow for cool airflow while deflecting heat and sand. Tuaregs are often called the “blue men of the Sahara” for the blue-colored bubus they wear in the presence of women, strangers, and in-laws.

    The Tuareg have updated these traditional garments, bringing in modern color combinations and pairing them with custom sandals and silver jewelry they make by hand. These updated styles are perhaps best seen during the annual Festival in the Desert. This three-day event, held in the middle of the Sahara, includes singing competitions, concerts, camel races, and beauty contests. The festival has rapidly expanded from a local event to an international destination supported by tourism.

    The Bambuti is a collective name for four populations native to Central Africa—the Sua, Aka, Efe, and Mbuti. The Bambuti live primarily in the Congo Basin and Ituri Forest. Sometimes, these groups are called “pygmies,” although the term is often considered offensive. Pygmy is a term used to describe various ethnic groups whose average height is unusually low, below 1.5 meters (5 feet).

    The Bambuti are believed to have one of the oldest existing bloodlines in the world. Ancient Egyptian records show that the Bambuti have been living in the same area for 4,500 years. Geneticists are interested in the Bambuti for this reason. Many researchers conclude that their ancestors were likely one of the first modern humans to migrate out of Africa.

    Bambuti groups are spearheading human rights campaigns aimed at increasing their participation in local and international politics. The Mbuti, for instance, are pressuring the government to include them in the peace process of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mbuti leaders argue that their people were killed, forced into slavery, and even eaten during the Congo Civil War, which officially ended in 2003. Mbuti leaders have appeared at the United Nations to gather and present testimony on human rights abuses during and after the war. Their efforts led to the presence of U.N. peacekeeping forces in the Ituri Forest
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    Human Geography Africa

    Africa, the second-largest continent, is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean. It is divided in half almost equally by the Equator. The continent includes the islands of Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, and Comoros.

    Africa’s physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately.

    The origin of the name “Africa” is greatly disputed by scholars. Most believe it stems from words used by the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans. Important words include the Egyptian word Afru-ika, meaning “Motherland”; the Greek word aphrike, meaning “without cold”; and the Latin word aprica, meaning “sunny.”

    Today, Africa is home to more countries than any other continent in the world. These countries are: Morocco, Western Sahara (Morocco), Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Eritrea and the island countries of Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, and Comoros.
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    Political Geography Asia 2

    The implications of this complicated and often violent process of political reform are still too early to determine in Syria, Jordan, and other Asian states that have joined a common democratic cause. What is certain is that these changes will increase public participation in the political process.

    Future Issues
    Asia’s growing political and economic prominence will continue to place stress on both local and global processes. Great focus has been placed on how Asia’s increased development has negatively affected the environment. National governments and international organizations are working to protect local natural resources and the broader global climate.

    The extreme loss of forest cover in Southeast Asia due to overharvesting of timber threatens the region’s economy and biodiversity, as well as the world’s carbon budget. Between 1990 and 2010, Southeast Asia’s forests contracted in size by roughly 33 million hectares (81.5 million acres), an area larger than Vietnam. By 2020, these forests are expected to shrink by an additional 16 million hectares (39.5 million acres).

    This loss would mean an additional 8.72 gigatons of carbon dioxide would enter the world’s atmosphere. It would destroy forests with important ecological value, such as Indonesia’s lowland tropical forests. Furthermore, the loss would dramatically decrease the productivity of the region’s wood industries, a main economic generator for many Southeast Asian countries.

    International organizations and regional and national governmental bodies are enforcing sustainable forestry practices in order to combat forest degradation. The Cambodian government, for example, has encouraged the planting of fast-growing trees, modernized wood-processing equipment, and banned the export of many types of logs. Myanmar (Burma) has developed a network of more than 600 community forest management agreements that bring local people and the government together. Organizations such as the Forest Stewardship Council and the Malaysian Timber Certification Scheme enable forest industries to pursue sustainable development. Roughly 3.5 percent of Southeast Asia’s total forest area was sustainably certified in 2010.

    Maldives, a country of hundreds of islands and atolls in the Indian Ocean, symbolizes the current and future effects of global climate change. Rising to only 2.3 meters (7.7 feet) above sea level at its highest point, Maldives has already felt the effects of rising sea levels. A 2004 tsunami flooded the entire country, killing 82 people, displacing 12,000, and inflicting $375 million in damage.

    The effects of global warming on Maldives will be more widespread during the coming decades. Along with rising sea levels, the country will be susceptible to coastal erosion, higher storm surges, and loss of biodiversity. This will drastically affect the country’s tourism-based economy. A loss of beachfront property coupled with warmer winters in the Northern Hemisphere would keep residents of Europe and North America from visiting the islands.

    The Maldivian government has taken decisive steps to curtail the effects of climate change, commanding the attention of the international community. Former President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom supported the construction of the artificial island of Hulhumalé, which now houses a hospital, school, government buildings, and residences for 50,000 people. Hulhumalé sits on ground several meters higher than the rest of the country.

    In 2009, Maldivian President Mohamed Nasheed held the world’s first underwater cabinet meeting in order to highlight the effects of climate change. At a table 6 meters (20 feet) below the water’s surface, Maldivian leaders signed a document calling on all countries to cut their carbon dioxide emissions. President Nasheed also agreed to make Maldives the world’s first carbon-neutral country by switching entirely to wind and solar energy within a decade. These acts have demonstrated that those who affect and are affected by climate change need to take decisive steps to create lasting environmental improvements.

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    Political Geography Asia

    Political geography is the internal and external relationships between a continent’s various governments, citizens, and territories. Asian governments and citizens have created and responded to political and social change in ways that have profoundly affected these relationships at both the local and international level. As the continent continues to increase its political and economic prominence, its policy decisions will hold greater weight for the global community.

    Historic Issues
    One of the oldest and most intensely debated political disputes continues to be negotiated in the Levant, an area in the eastern Mediterranean. The Levant, part of the Middle East, has been continuously occupied for thousands of years by the historic cultures of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel.

    The Levant is sometimes called “The Holy Land.” This small region is spiritually important to followers of Jewish, Christian, and Muslim faiths. These are the three most populous and influential monotheistic religions in the world. All three faiths trace their origins to the Jewish patriarch Abraham. For this reason, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are known as the “Abrahamic religions.”

    The religious conflict between Abrahamic religions in the Levant has endured for thousands of years. Christian leaders persecuted Jews in the region during the late Roman Empire. During the Middle Ages, European Christians sent soldiers on crusades to conquer and convert the Levant’s Muslim majority.

    The most recent conflict in the Levant is between Israel and neighboring nations. Israel, the only Jewish-majority nation in the world, was established in 1948. Prior to 1948, the area was a British colony called Palestine. Many non-Jewish natives identify as Palestinians. Neighboring states—including Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Egypt—accepted Palestinian immigrants and rejected the new Israeli government.

    Major wars plague the region, including the Arab-Israeli War (1948), the Suez Crisis (1956), the Six Day War (1967), and the Yom Kippur War (1973). Smaller conflicts, including incidents of terrorism, are associated with Palestinian uprisings, or intifadas. The First Intifada, which included nonviolent protests as well as armed assaults, took place in the late 1980s. The Second Intifada took place between 2000 and 2005.

    The conflict in the Levant has resulted in Israel creating two “Palestinian Territories” (the West Bank and Gaza) within its boundaries. Treaties, such as the Camp David Accords (which established a lasting peace treaty between Egypt and Israel) have attempted to negotiate a lasting peace in the Levant.

    The colonization of Southeast Asia is another example of how historic political geography can influence an entire region. Colonialism is foreign political rule imposed on a people. Chinese, Japanese, and European colonization of Southeast Asia lasted for more than 1,000 years. China, for instance, was the ruling power in Vietnam from about 110 BCE to 900 CE.

    Colonial powers from Europe, the United States, and Japan imposed their rule on Southeast Asian peoples from the 1500s to the mid-1940s. While these powers had distinct motives, they were generally looking to expand their territory, increase trade, import cheap raw materials, and impose their cultural practices.

    The Dutch and British established extremely powerful companies that oversaw trade and labor in their respective colonies. The Dutch East India Company, based in Indonesia, had the power to print its own money and engage in war. They enforced harsh labor practices on local peoples, who worked to collect lucrative spices and extract precious metals. These resources were then sold in Europe.

    Spanish and Portuguese colonists spread the Roman Catholic faith by converting indigenous peoples, especially in the Philippines. The French used their military to maintain control of their colonies, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people.

    The countries of Southeast Asia are now independent. However, their economies, politics, and culture still maintain aspects of the colonial period. For instance, the Vietnamese language is written with the Roman alphabet, not the glyphs, ideograms, or indigenous alphabets of neighboring Asian nations. This is because the written Vietnamese language was established by the French, who use a Roman alphabet.

    As with the colonial period, Asia was deeply affected by World War II and its aftermath. Japan was the most devastated Asian country in terms of loss of life and physical destruction. However, it also experienced a record period of economic growth after the war. Investment from the United States and innovative economic restructuring by the Japanese government stimulated this growth.

    Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and Industry coordinated partnerships, known as keiretsu, between manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, and banks in order to streamline industry. The ministry also created a strong export economy, focusing on technology industries that still define Japan’s global image. Capital was invested in Japan’s infrastructure, especially in efficient transportation systems, communications, and technology. Japan’s intense public and private investment increased its gross domestic product (GDP) from $91 billion in 1965 to more than $1 trillion in 1980.

    Current Issues
    India’s and China’s economic growth has been profound in the last 20 years. Both countries have removed government controls, increased foreign trade, and built strong export-based economies. This economic growth has had both positive and negative effects.

    China has the world’s fastest-growing economy, increasing 10 percent annually for the past 30 years. This is largely because China is the world’s largest manufacturer and exporter of goods. As a result of this growth, wages have increased rapidly, giving Chinese workers a better standard of living. More Chinese people have access to excellent health care, electricity, and education. China has a strong presence in international politics and influences important debates, such as those surrounding terrorism and climate change. China has used its newfound wealth to invest around the world. China has invested billions of dollars in Nigeria, for instance, to extract oil. Predicted to be the world’s largest economy in the coming decades, China’s economic decisions will greatly affect how and where future development occurs around the globe.

    But China’s rapid growth has caused a number of social, environmental, and economic problems. Rapid industrial growth in the cities has impoverished rural workers, who must migrate to congested urban areas to find jobs. Industrial activity has put stress on the country’s energy and transportation systems and degraded air, water, and soil quality. Industrial growth also has major implications for global climate change, as China is the world’s largest producer of carbon dioxide emissions.

    India’s growth has been drastically different from China’s. India is a democracy, while China is a totalitarian state. This means that social and political reforms are debated more openly in India, and change is often more difficult because power resides in coalitions instead of one political party.

    Unlike China, India’s growth is largely a result of its rapidly growing service industry—not its manufacturing sector. In particular, India has become a major exporter of information technology services. Its telecommunications industry, which focuses on phone and Internet services, added more than 200 million subscribers in 2010. The country also hosts seven of the world’s top technology outsourcing companies, which rely heavily on India’s highly educated, English-speaking population.

    India’s growth has caused hourly wages to double during the past decade, bringing more than 430 million Indians out of poverty and creating an immense middle-class population. Much like China, India’s urban infrastructure and global influence have also improved.

    Despite this economic growth, India remains socioeconomically divided. India still has the world’s largest concentration of people living in extreme poverty—below $1.25 per day. The difference in revenue between India’s more industrialized states and its poorer agricultural states has widened substantially. Much like China, India’s urban infrastructure, education, and health systems are having difficulty adjusting to the large number of poor, rural migrants moving into cities.

    In Asia’s Arab region, conservative governments are under pressure from their citizens and the international community to enable political, economic, and social reform. While authoritarian rulers control the majority of these countries, their citizens broadly support democracy. In the so-called “Arab Spring” of 2011, social and political groups across the region staged armed protests calling for democratic reform. Governments have responded to these protests with both military force and political compromise. Syria and Jordan exemplify this political change in Arab Asia.

    Protesters in Syria called for the legalization of political parties, the removal of corrupt officials, and the repeal of Emergency Law, which allows arrests without charge. In response to the protests, the Syrian government launched military campaigns to repress protesters. These campaigns have killed more than 450 people. Hundreds of Syrians have been jailed. The international community has responded by placing economic and political sanctions on the Syrian government.

    Jordanians have staged weekly protests against corruption, rising prices, poverty, and unemployment. King Abdullah has responded to these protests by replacing his prime minister and forming the National Dialogue Committee. Made up of both government officials and opposition leaders, the committee is in charge of drafting reforms, including new laws for elections and political parties.


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    Human Geography Asia

    Asia is the largest of the world’s continents, covering approximately 30 percent of the Earth’s land area. It is also the world’s most populous continent, with roughly 60 percent of the total population
    The geographic term “Asia” was originally used by ancient Greeks to describe the civilizations east of their empire. Ancient Asian peoples, however, saw themselves as a varied and diverse mix of cultures—not a collective group. Today, the term “Asia” is used as a cultural concept, while subregion classifications describe the distinct geopolitical identities of the continent. These classifications are Western Asia, Central Asia, Southern Asia, Eastern Asia, Southeastern Asia, and Northern Asia.

    Today, Asia is home to the citizens of Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste (East Timor), Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, and Yemen.

    Asia’s physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately.

    Asia is home to the world’s earliest civilizations. Its indigenous cultures pioneered many practices that have been integral to societies for centuries, such as agriculture, city planning, and religion. The social and political geography of the continent continues to inform and influence the rest of the world.

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    Cultural Geography Asia

    Historic Cultures
    The Fertile Crescent is considered the birthplace of agriculture. Civilizations developed along a series of watersheds, starting with the Nile River valley and arching up the Mediterranean coast, eastward toward Iraq and southward along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers until reaching the Persian Gulf.

    Nomadic peoples settled along the lush river banks to harvest wild wheat and barley, becoming the world’s first farmers. This represented a fundamental shift in the lifestyle of early humans, who until that point had survived by following their food as hunter-gatherers. Through agriculture, people learned to sustain themselves by manipulating the natural environment.

    As more tribes settled and worked together, important agricultural innovations were developed, such as the wheel, irrigation, and hand tools. Farmers used these tools to tame wild grasses, such as wheat, barley, and lentils. Farmers also domesticated animals such as cows, sheep, and pigs.

    Agriculture made cities and civilizations possible by producing enough food for the community so not everyone had to provide for themselves. People not engaged in agriculture had time to develop writing, religion, taxation, and trade. For instance, the cuneiform writing system has preserved the history of the metropolis of Ur, part of the Sumerian civilization, which developed around 2100 BCE.

    The Indus Valley was another hotspot of early civilization. From 2600 BCE to 1700 BCE, settlements developed on the flood plain of the Indus River, stretching millions of kilometers from northwestern India through Pakistan and Afghanistan.

    The cities of the Indus Valley civilization established early forms of urban planning and construction. Buildings were well-organized and built out of durable materials such as brick and stone. Cities contained docks along the river, granaries, temples, residences, and warehouses. Cities were often surrounded by high walls, which offered protection from both natural disasters, such as floods, and invading armies.

    Placing a high priority on hygiene, cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro (both in modern-day Pakistan) developed drainage systems, wells, and water-storage systems that were the most advanced of their time. For example, wastewater was directed from a home’s bathhouse to covered drains that lined major streets. Houses only opened to inner courtyards and smaller lanes. This privacy radically reduced the spread of disease. These efficient and sanitary systems greatly influenced future urban development.

    The spread of religion is an important example of how cultural practices expand into distant territories through a variety of direct and indirect actions. Buddhism, for example, has its roots in Nepal and India in the late 6th century BCE. Well-established maritime and land trade routes allowed Buddhist thought to spread to other Asian territories. Missionaries joined Buddhist merchants on their ships and caravans, carrying with them religious manuscripts and images.

    Buddhist missionaries remained in market cities for extended periods of time, facilitating the exchange of ideas and symbols. Today, Buddhism is the majority religion throughout most of eastern Asia, from Japan in the north to Cambodia, Thailand, Burma, and Laos in the south.

    Art played an important role in the spread of Buddhism. Sculpture, paintings, and icons depicting Buddhist concepts and deities were easily understood and adopted by cultures outside Nepal and India. As Buddhist art was created in these specific cultural styles, the religion took on local significance in each region. Buddhism flourishes in part because it allowed its practitioners to express their devotion through creative means.

    Asia’s rich cultural heritage has modernized, along with its developing economies. The continent’s growing middle class and increased investment from abroad support this modernization. Asian film, fashion, and music highlight the relationship between historic cultures and contemporary markets.

    India is the world’s largest producer of films, producing more than 2,500 movies every year. Film production is so widespread in India that it is categorized regionally. Areas such as Mumbai, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu produce distinct films that reflect regional language and culture. Government and private industry have invested heavily in India’s film industry, and today more than 30 film production companies exist in the country. The world’s largest film studio, Ramoji Film City, is in the city of Hyderabad. It offers more than 500 set locations and has the space to produce 60 films at the same time.

    Indian cinema is a major export. The largest film industry is centered around Mumbai, and nicknamed Bollywood. Bollywood films screen in more than 90 countries around the world, and earn millions of dollars, especially in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Singapore. The growing number of Indians working abroad has opened up new markets for Indian films. These so-called non-resident Indians (NRIs) account for roughly 12 percent of a film’s total revenue.

    Central Asia’s tradition of textile-making is enjoying a period of revival in such countries as Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. After the fall of the Soviet Union, these former Soviet republics used their cultural history to help define a new national identity. Vibrant hand-dyed textiles were an important part of this cultural tradition, especially in Uzbekistan. Suzani textiles played a central role in Uzbek family ceremonies and denoted a family’s status.

    Today, workers dye, weave, and embroider Uzbek suzani textiles by hand after a long period of industrial production. Craftswomen are updating traditional designs and using natural dyes, such as indigo, walnut, and pomegranate, to create eye-catching pieces for the contemporary marketplace. Uzbek suzanis are sold internationally. Fashion and home décor companies from around the world have adopted suzani designs into their products. In order to support the growing demand, craftsmen’s associations and nongovernmental organizations have been created to promote Uzbek textiles.

    South Korean pop music, nicknamed K-pop, integrates traditional Korean song with contemporary pop, hip-hop, electronic, and R&B sounds. K-pop has developed into a pop culture phenomenon in Asia and abroad. Musical producers invest heavily in girl groups, boy bands, and soloists. Performers are followed by millions of fans, mostly Asian young adults, who have adopted their style and fashion trends.

    K-pop producers and artists have invested heavily in broadening their appeal abroad. Korean artists tour with international headliners and work with producers such as American rappers Kanye West and will.i.am of the Black Eyed Peas. They also use Internet platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, to reach a larger audience. As a result, K-pop has a strong following in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Europe.

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    Parts and Sizes of Waves study Geographic

    1. Introduce the parts of a wave.
    Draw a simple wave with two crests and one trough on the board so all students can see it. Explain that each part of a wave has a name, just like each part of the body has a name. Draw a line to the highest part of the wave and write the label crest. Tell students that the crest is the top of the wave. Draw a line to the lowest part of the wave and write the label trough. Tell students that the trough is the lowest point between each crest. Have students draw a similar wave on a piece of construction paper and add the labels.

    2. Introduce the concept of wave height.
    Put the drawings together in a visible place, by taping them to the wall or laying them together on a tabletop. Explain to students that like their drawings of waves, all waves are different sizes. Ask students to compare their drawings and figure out which drawing has the tallest or shortest waves. Tell students that you’re looking at wave height, or the distance between trough and crest. If needed, remind students of the meanings of trough and crest. Model drawing a vertical line from trough to crest and adding the label “wave height.” Then have students do the same on their drawings.

    3. Introduce the concept of wavelength.
    Next, have students compare their drawings and figure out which drawing shows waves that are the farthest apart or closest together. Tell students you’re looking at wavelength, or the distance from crest to crest. If needed, remind students of the meaning of crest. Explain to students that they can also look at the distance from trough to trough to see wavelength. Model drawing a horizontal line from crest to crest on their drawings and adding the label “wavelength.” Then have students do the same on their drawings.

    4. Display students’ drawings.
    Ask students to write their names on their drawings. Display the drawings in the classroom or hallway.
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    Download Skin Windows 7 Keren Sekali

     Pada kesempatan kali ini saya akan membagikan skin pack windos 7 yang keren secara cuma-cuma
    Pada dasarnya jikalau kita mempunyai skin bawaan windows 7 memang kurang asik dan kurang enak di pandang, Maka dari itu silahkan di download skin di bawah ini sesuai dengan keinginan saudara.. kepuasan anda yang paling utama.. selamay mendownload

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    MAKALAH NEGARA OCEANIA



    BAB I
     PENDAHULUAN
    A.      Latar Belakang
    Oseania (bahasa Inggris: Oceania) adalah istilah yang mengacu kepada suatu wilayah geografis atau geopolitis yang terdiri atas sejumlah kepulauan yang berada di Samudra Pasifik dan sekitarnya. Oseania merupakan benua dengan luas area daratan terkecil dan jumlah populasi terkecil kedua setelah Antartika.
    Dalam artian sempit (yang pertama kali didefinisikan penjelajah asal Perancis bernama Jules Dumont d'Urville pada tahun 1831), Oseania meliputi Polinesia (termasuk Selandia Baru), Melanesia (termasuk dari Maluku sampai Nugini) dan Mikronesia. Sedangkan dalam artian luas maka Oseania juga meliputi Australia dan Indonesia bagian timur; namun jarang memasukkan Jepang dan Kepulauan Aleut dalam kelompok Oseania.
    Sebagian besar dari Oseania terdiri dari negara-negara pulau yang kecil. Australia adalah satu-satunya negara kontinental, sedangkan Papua Nugini dan Timor Timur adalah negara yang memiliki perbatasan darat, kedua-duanya dengan Indonesia. Negara-negara di Oseania mempunyai kemerdekaan dalam jumlah yang beragam dari penguasa-penguasa kolonial mereka dan telah mendapatkan pengaturan konstitusional yang bervariasi sesuai dengan keadaan mereka. Australia misalnya, adalah negara yang tergabung dalam Persemakmuran, sehingga mengakui Ratu Elizabeth II dari Britania Raya sebagai Ratu, sementara Polinesia Perancis adalah sebuah pays d'outre-mer ("negara luar negeri") Perancis.
    Secara ekologi, Oseania merupakan satu di antara delapan zona ekologi terestrial dunia. Zona ekologi Oseania meliputi Mikronesia, Fiji dan Polinesia kecuali Selandia Baru, Nugini, Kaledonia Baru, Kepulauan Solomon dan Vanuatu termasuk zona ekologi Australasia.






    B.     Rumusan Masalah
    Dari latar belakang diatas maka dapat dikemukakan beberapa rumusan masalah sebagai berikut:
                                  1.            Bagaimana Kondisi fisiografis Negara-negara di kawasan Oceania?
                                  2.            Bagaimana Kondisi sosial ekonomi Negara-negara di kawasan Oceania?
                                  3.            Bagaimana Hubungan Bilateral antara Negara Indonesia dengan Negara-negara kawasan Oceania?
    C.    Tujuan
    Dari rumusan masalah diatas maka dapat di tentukan tujuan yang akan diperoleh dalam pembahasan makalah ini seperti:
    1.            Dapat mengetahui kondisi fisiografis Negara-negara di kawasan Oceania.
    2.            Dapat mengetahui kondisi sosial ekonomi Negara-negara di kawasan Oceania.
    Dapat mengetahui Hubungan Bilateral antara Negara Indonesia dengan Negara-negara kawasan Oceania.


    UNTUK MAKALAH SELENGKAPNYA SILAHKAN DOWNLOAD DI BAWAH INI
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